Asymmetric Security Threats: A Study of the Impact of Illegal Migration on Regional Security in the Mediterranean Region
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30907/jcopolicy.vi68.752Keywords:
Asymmetric Security Threats, Illegal Migration, Regional Security, Mediterranean RegionAbstract
Illegal migration in the Mediterranean region has emerged as a complex and multifaceted security challenge with significant implications for regional stability. This study aims to explore the impact of illegal migration on regional security in the Mediterranean context, focusing on asymmetric security threats, by analyzing various direct and indirect consequences of illegal migration.
This research addresses the main issue concerning the impact of illegal migration on regional security. The primary challenge lies in how the influx of illegal migrants affects the political, economic, and social stability of Mediterranean countries.
The research utilizes a qualitative approach, focusing on in-depth analysis rather than statistical evaluation, to understand the impact of illegal migration on regional security in the Mediterranean region, considering political, social, and economic dimensions.
The findings indicate that illegal migration contributes to increased social and political tensions, which in turn fosters organized crime and terrorism. The study also reveals that cooperation between European countries and neighboring states could positively influence the reduction of security risks associated with migration
References
List of References:
Abdullayev, Ilyos, Ildar Begishev, Yulia Limareva, Hafis Hajiyev, Alexey Yumashev, and Natalia Prodanova. 2023. "Impact of International Migration on the Internal Security of the State." Migration Letters 20, no. S4)August(: 428-430. https://doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20iS4.3860.
Adamson, Fiona B. 2006. "Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security."InternationalSecurity 31, no.1)summer(: 175-184.
https://doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.165.
Aniche, Ernest Toochi. 2020. "Migration and Sustainable Development: Challenges and Opportunities." In Migration Conundrums, Regional Integration and Development: Africa-Europe Relations in a Changing Global Order, Edited by Inocent Moyo, Christopher Changwe Nshimbi, and Jussi P. Laine , 37-61.London: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2478-3_3.
Baumgartel, Moritz, and Sarah Ganty. 2024. "On the Basis of Migratory Vulnerability: Augmenting Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights in the Context of Migration." International Journal of Law in Context 20, no. 1: 98-105. https://doi.org/10.1017/S174455232300037X.
Beare, Margaret E. 2012. "Illegal Migration: Personal Tragedies, Social Problems, or National Security Threats?" In Illegal Immigration and Commercial Sex: The New Slave Trade, edited by. Phil Williams, 11-41. London: Taylor & Francis.
Beilfuss, Markus Gonzalez, and Julia Koopmans. 2021. "Legal Pathways to Regularisation of Illegally Staying Migrants in EU Member States."ADMIGOV. https://admigov.eu/upload/Deliverable_27_Legal_pathways_Gonzales.pdf
Bigo, Didier. 2003. "Migration and Security." In Controlling a New Migration World, Edited by Virginie Guiraudon and Christian Joppke, 121-149. London: Routledge.
Booth, John A., Christine J. Wade, and Thomas W. Walker. 2020. Understanding Central America: Global Forces and Political Change. London: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Understanding-Central-America-Global-Forces-and-Political-Change/Booth-Wade-Walker/p/book/9780367361709?srsltid=AfmBOooMBifaPR9WGC3tcFdd8zU_Ni5-RGm0U-CC326Qk98f0KHxQLwT.
Boswell, Christina. 2003. "The ‘External Dimension’ of EU Immigration and Asylum
Policy."InternationalAffairs79,no.3(May):619-638.https://www.jstor.org/stable/3569366
Buckley, Ross, Vai lo Lo, and Laurence Boulle. 2008. Challenges to Multilateral Trade: The Impact of Bilateral, Preferential and Regional Agreements. USA: Kluwer Law International. https://books.google.com/books/about/Challenges_to_Multilateral_Trade.html?id=0gXDNeRKTyMC
Carr, Madeline. 2016. "Public–Private Partnerships in National Cyber-Security Strategies."InternationalAffairs92,no.1(January):43-62. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12504.
Carrera, Sergio, Leonhard Den Hertog, and Joanna Parkin. 2012. "EU Migration Policy in the Wake of the Arab Spring: What Prospects for EU-Southern Mediterranean Relations?" MEDPRO Report no. 15.August, 2012. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256031941_EU_Migration_Policy_in_the_Wake_of_the_Arab_Spring_What_Prospects_for_EU-Southern_Mediterranean_Relations.
Castles, Stephen, Magdalena Arias Cubas, Chulhyo Kim, and Derya Ozkul. 2012. "Irregular Migration: Causes, Patterns, and Strategies." In Global Perspectives on Migration and Development: GFMD Puerto Vallarta and Beyond, edited by Irena Omelaniuk. 117-151. Springer Dordrecht. DOI:10.1007/978-94-007-4110-2_9.
Chamie, Joseph. 2020. "International Migration Amid a World in Crisis." Journal on Migration and Human Security 8, no.3(July): 230-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/2331502420948796.
Coman-Kund, Florin. 2019. "The Cooperation Between the European Border and Coast Guard Agency and Third Countries According to the New Frontex Regulation: Legal and Practical Implications." In The External Dimension of EU Agencies and Bodies, edited by Herwig C.H.Hofmanna, Ellen Vos, and Merijn Chamon, 34-58. USA:Edward Elgar Publishing.
https://eulawlive.com/library/the-external-dimension-of-eu-agencies-and-bodies/
Csernatoni, Raluca. 2018. "Constructing the EU’s High-Tech Borders: FRONTEX and Dual-Use Drones for Border Management." European Security 27, no.2) December(: 175-200. https://doi.org/10.1080/09662839.2018.1481396.
De Haas, Hein. 2011. "Mediterranean Migration Futures: Patterns, Drivers and Scenarios." Global Environmental Change 21: 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.003.
Debattista, Michael Jeremy. 2023. "Malta's Foreign Policy on Irregular Migration Post Arab Spring." Master's thesis,. University of Malta.
Dick, Eva, and Benjamin Schraven. 2018. Regional Migration Governance in Africa and Beyond: A Framework of Analysis. Deutsches Institut fur Entwicklungspolitik, Discussion Paper no. 9/2018. https://www.idos-research.de/uploads/media/DP_9.2018.pdf
Eurostat. 2024. “Migration and Asylum in Europe”. September 9, 2024. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/interactive-publications/migration-2023.
Ferreira, Susana. 2019. Human Security and Migration in Europe's Southern Borders. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-77947-8
Glouftsios, Georgios. 2021. "Governing Border Security Infrastructures: Maintaining Large-Scale Information Systems." Security Dialogue52, no.5 )November(: 452-470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967010620957230.
Gulzau, Fabian, and Steffen Mau. 2021. "Walls, Barriers, Checkpoints, No-man’s-land: A Typology of Border Infrastructure on the African Continent." Comparativ 31, lssue. 3/4: 411-438. https://doi.org/10.26014/j.comp.2021.03-04.07.
Ivancik, Radoslav, and Vladimír Andrassy. 2023. "Insights into the Development of the Security Concept." Entrepreneurship and Sustainability, Issues10. no.4)Jun): 26. DOI:10.9770/jesi.2023.10.4(2).
Jovanov, Ilija. 2023. "Illegal Migration as a Security Threat and Challenge." South East European Journal of Sustainable Development 7, no.3(December):72.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/auseur-2015-0015.
King, Russell, and Daniela DeBono. 2013. "Irregular Migration and the 'Southern European Model' of Migration." Journal of Mediterranean Studies 22, no.1(February): 1-31.
https://mau.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1398110/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Krause, Ulrike. 2021. "Colonial Roots of the 1951 Refugee Convention and Its Effects on the Global Refugee Regime." Journal of International Relations and Development 24, no.3(January): 610-613. DOI:10.1057/s41268-020-00205-9.
Kullenberg, Gunnar. 2002. "Regional Co-Development and Security: A Comprehensive Approach." Ocean & Coastal Management 45, no.11-12(January): 762-767. DOI: 10.1016/S0964-5691(02)00105-9.
Lacroix, Thomas. 2022. "Migration-Related City Networks: A Global Overview." Local Government Studies 48, no. 6)Jun(: 1035-1041.
https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03260094/document.
Lesser, Ian O. 2023. "The Changing Mediterranean Security Environment: A Transatlantic Perspective." In Perspectives on Development: The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, Edited by George Joffe, 212-228. London: Routledge.https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003417095-15/changing-mediterranean-security-environment-transatlantic-perspective-ian-lesser
Lori, Noora, and Kaija Schilde. 2021. "A Political Economy of Global Security Approach to Migration and Border Control." Journal of Global Security Studies 6, no. 1: 1-9. DOI:10.1093/jogss/ogaa011.
Lott, Gaia. 2023. "The Dublin Convention and the Introduction of the ‘First Entry Rule’ in the Allocation of Asylum Seekers in Europe." Contemporary European History 32, no. 3)August(: 459-474. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0960777321000746
Luleci-Sula, Cagla, and Ismail Erkam Sula. 2021. "Migration Management in Turkey: Discourse and Practice." International Relations Journal. 18,no.72(June): 1-17.
https://dx.doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1000756.
Martin, Susan F. 2011. "International Cooperation on Migration and the UN System." In Global Mobility Regimes, Edited by Koslowski Rey, 29-49. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9781137001948_2
Mauro, Sophia Grazia. 2022. "Externalization of Migration Policy: Effects of EU and US Policy on Turkey and Mexico." PhD diss, Sabancı University.
Mitrovic, Miroslav. 2019. "Influence of Global Security Environment on Collective Security and Defence Science." Security and Defence Quarterly 24, no.2(June): 6-10. https://doi.org/10.35467/sdq/106088.
Molland, Sverre. 2022. Safe Migration and the Politics of Brokered Safety in Southeast Asia. London: Routledge. https://www.routledge.com/Safe-Migration-and-the-Politics-of-Brokered-Safety-in-Southeast-Asia/Molland/p/book/9781032029061?srsltid=AfmBOoq6DYQUTAA-yUx4-35mvuwWfkdk9UCEGiOlmLuTEm8gbuZcuXGd
O’reilly, Karen. 2022. "Migration Theories: A Critical Overview." In Routledge Handbook of Immigration and Refugee Studies, Edited by Anna Triandafyllidou, 3-12. London: Routledge.
https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003194316-2/migration-theories-karen-reilly
Raineri, Luca, and Francesco Strazzari. 2021. "Dissecting the EU Response to the ‘Migration Crisis’."ln The EU And Crisis Response, Edited By Roger Mac Ginty, Sandra PoGodda, and Oliver p. Richmon, 208, London: De Gruyter eBound. https://uplopen.com/chapters/e/10.7765/9781526148346.00015
Reisner, Markus. 2023. "Terror in the Twenty-First Century: The Modus Operandi of the Islamic State—What We Know and What We Can Learn from It". In Development, Globalization, Global Values, and Security: Essays in Honor of Arno Tausch, Edited By Glen Sagel, 209-223. Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://www.springerprofessional.de/en/development-globalization-global-values-and-security/25234932
Reviglio, Martino. 2020. "Assembling Borders, Territory, and Human Rights in Migration Management Policies”. GRITIM-UPF Working Paper Series, June 28, 2020. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3637462
Shukri, Shazwanis. 2023. "Security Community-Building in the Mediterranean Sea: The European Union's Strategy in Combating Irregular Migration." In Maritime Crime and Policing, Edited By Yarin Eski and Martin Wright ,182-195. London: Routledge.https://www.routledge.com/Maritime-Crime-and-Policing/Eski-Wright/p/book/9781032022123?srsltid=AfmBOooboppdKG8FbiBeMU_CmdUoCRVOBXA8Ejjyk5-5Fn9TWbizKkAI
Stivas, Dionysios. 2023. "Greece’s Response to the European Refugee Crisis: A Tale of Two Securitizations." Mediterranean Politics 28, no.1: 49-72. https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/fmed20/28/1
UNHCR. 2024. UNHCR-IOM Joint Annual Overview 2023: Migrant and Refugee Movements through the Central Mediterranean Sea—Joint Annual Overview 2023. June 10, 2024. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/109256
Van Hear, Nicholas, Oliver Bakewell, and Katy Long. 2020. "Push-Pull Plus: Reconsidering the Drivers of Migration." In Aspiration, Desire and the Drivers of Migration, Edited by Francis L. Collins, Jørgen Carling, 19-36. Routledge: London. https://www.routledge.com/Aspiration-Desire-and-the-Drivers-of-Migration/Collins-Carling/p/book/9781032086606?srsltid=AfmBOooZ4nw6wy1nPp2rmRj-yTnyKWXoIPQGynhJAdcpr0rAknUswlXz
Wolff, Sarah. 2008. "Border Management in the Mediterranean: Internal, External, and Ethical Challenges." Cambridge Review of International Affairs 21, no.2 (Aug): 257-260. DOI:10.1080/09557570802021030.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Mohamed Ibrahim Farag, Mohamed Salman Tayie
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.