الجيواقتصاد وإعادة تشكيل القوة: دراسة مقارنة بين الولايات المتّحدة والصّين
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.30907/jcopolicy.vi71.909الكلمات المفتاحية:
الجيواقتصاد، توازن القوى، النظام الدولي، الأدوات الاقتصاديةالملخص
ترمي هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل دور السياسات الجيواقتصادية في إعادة تشكيل أنماط القوة داخل النظام الدولي المعاصر، في ظل التراجع النسبي لقدرة القوة العسكرية التقليدية على تفسير النفوذ الدولي. وتنطلق الدراسة من فرضية مفادها أن التوسع في استعمال الأدوات الاقتصادية، مثل التمويل والتجارة والاستثمار والتكنولوجيا، قد أسهم في إعادة صياغة طرق إنتاج القوة وممارستها وإعادة توزيعها بين القوى الكبرى.
وتعالج الدراسة إشكالية رئيسة تتمحور حول: إلى أي مدى أسهم توظيف الأدوات الجيواقتصادية في إعادة تشكيل أنماط القوة بين الولايات المتحدة والصين داخل النظام الدولي؟. ومنهجيًا، تعتمد الدراسة المنهج التحليلي المقارن مدعومًا بالمنهج الوصفي البنيوي؛ وذلك لمقارنة الاستراتيجيات الجيواقتصادية للولايات المتحدة، والصين بوصفهما أنموذجين متمايزين. وتجرى المقارنة من خلال إطار تحليلي يقوم على أربعة معايير رئيسة، هي: طبيعة الأداة الجيواقتصادية، والهدف الاستراتيجي من توظيفها، ودرجة فاعليتها في إعادة تشكيل القوة النسبية، والتكلفة السياسية والاقتصادية المترتبة على استعمالها.
وتظهر نتائج الدراسة أنّ الجيواقتصاد لا يمثل نمطًا مستقلاً أو مطلقًا للقوة، بل يعمل كآلية شرطية ومرنة تتحدد فاعليتها وفق السياقات السياسية والعسكرية والبنيوية الأوسع. كما تكشف النتائج أنّ الولايات المتحدة تعتمد أدوات جيواقتصادية قسرية عالية الفاعلية على المدى القصير والمتوسط، في حين ترتكز الصين على استراتيجية جيواقتصادية تراكمية طويلة الأمد، قائمة على الاستثمار والبنية التحتية وسلاسل التوريد، بما يعزز قوتها تدريجيًّا مع انخفاض الكلفة السياسية المباشرة وبطء التأثير.
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